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    愛因斯坦的真實語音(愛因斯坦真的說過那個嗎)

    愛因斯坦的真實語音(愛因斯坦真的說過那個嗎)(1)

    原文鏈接:Did Einstein really say that?(https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-05004-4)

    Albert Einstein in Caputh, Germany, in 1929.Credit: Ullsten Bild via Getty

    (阿爾伯特·愛因斯坦于1929年在德國卡普斯)

    Beyond his towering contribution to physics, Albert Einstein was an avid commentator on education, marriage, money, the nature of genius, music-making, politics and more. His insights were legion, as we are reminded by this month’s publication of volume 15 inThe Collected Papers of Albert Einstein. Even the website of the US Internal Revenue Service enshrines his words (as quoted by his accountant): “The hardest thing in the world to understand is the income tax.”

    除了對物理學的杰出貢獻,阿爾伯特·愛因斯坦(Albert Einstein)還是一位熱心的評論家,他對教育、婚姻、金錢、天才的本質、音樂創作、政治等問題都有自己的見解。正如本月(2018年4月)出版的《阿爾伯特·愛因斯坦論文集》(The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein,https://einsteinpapers.press.princeton.edu/)第15卷所提醒的那樣,他的見解可謂數不勝數。甚至連美國國稅局的網站都把他的話奉為圭臬(正如他的會計師所引用的):“世界上最難理解的是所得稅。”

    “There appears to be a bottomless pit of quotable gems to be mined from Einstein’s enormous archives,” notes Alice Calaprice, editor of The Ultimate Quotable Einstein (2011); one detects a hint of despair. Indeed, Einstein might be the most quoted scientist in history. The website Wikiquote has many more entries for him than for Aristotle, Galileo Galilei, Isaac Newton, Charles Darwin or Stephen Hawking, and even than Einstein’s opinionated contemporaries Winston Churchill and George Bernard Shaw.

    《終極可引用的愛因斯坦》(The Ultimate Quotable Einstein,2011年)的編輯愛麗絲·卡拉普萊斯(Alice Calaprice)指出:“從愛因斯坦的巨大檔案中,似乎有一個無底洞可以挖掘出可引用的寶石。”你可能察覺到一絲絕望。事實上,愛因斯坦可能是歷史上被引用最多的科學家。維基語錄(Wikiquote)網站上有關愛因斯坦的條目比亞里士多德、伽利略、艾薩克·牛頓、查爾斯·達爾文和斯蒂芬·霍金都要多,甚至比愛因斯坦同時代的固執己見的溫斯頓·丘吉爾和喬治·蕭伯納都要多。

    But how much of this superabundance actually emanated from the physicist? Take this: “astrology is a Science in itself and contains an illuminating body of knowledge. It taught me many things and I am greatly indebted to it.” These lines, displayed by some astrology websites as Einstein’s, were exposed as an obvious hoax by the magazine Skeptical Inquirer in 2007. The real source was the foreword to a reissued book, Manuel d’astrologie (1965), first published by Swiss-Canadian astrologer Werner Hirsig in 1950. Einstein’s only known comment on astrology is in a 1943 letter to one Eugene Simon:

    但這種超級豐富實際上有多少來自這位物理學家?舉個例子:“占星學本身就是一門科學,它包含著一套富有啟發性的知識體系。它教會了我很多東西,我非常感激它。”2007年,一些占星學網站上顯示的這句話被《懷疑論者》(Skeptical Inquirer)雜志曝光為一個明顯的騙局。真正的來源是一本再版的書《占星術手冊》(Manuel d’astrologie,1965年)的前言,該書于1950年由瑞士-加拿大占星家維爾納·赫西格(Werner Hirsig)首次出版。愛因斯坦關于占星術唯一已知的評論是在1943年的一封信中,寫給一位名叫尤金·西蒙(Eugene Simon)的人:

    “I fully agree with you concerning the pseudo-science of astrology. The interesting point is that this kind of superstition is so tenacious that it could persist through so many centuries.”

    “關于占星術的偽科學,我完全同意你的觀點。有趣的是,這種迷信是如此頑強,以至于可以持續這么多世紀。”

    Among the hundreds of quotes that Calaprice notes are misattributed to Einstein are many that are subtly debatable. Some are edited or paraphrased to sharpen or neaten the original. “Everything should be made as simple as possible, but no simpler” might, says Calaprice, be a compressed version of lines from a 1933 lecture by Einstein: “It can scarcely be denied that the supreme goal of all theory is to make the irreducible basic elements as simple and as few as possible without having to surrender the adequate representation of a single datum of experience.” More certain is the provenance of “The most incomprehensible thing about the Universe is that it is comprehensible”. That rewords a passage in a 1936 article in the Journal of the Franklin Institute: “The eternal mystery of the world is its comprehensibility?…?The fact that it is comprehensible is a miracle.”

    卡拉普萊斯(Calaprice)指出,在數百條被誤認為是愛因斯坦的語錄中,有許多都是有爭議的。有些是經過編輯或改寫的,以使原文更清晰或更簡潔。卡拉普萊斯說,“一切都應該盡可能簡單,但不要過分簡單”,可能是愛因斯坦1933年演講中的一句話的壓縮版:“幾乎不能否認,所有理論的最高目標是使不可還原的基本要素盡可能簡單且少,而不必放棄對單一經驗數據的充分表示。”更確定的是“宇宙最令人費解的地方是它是可理解的”的出處。這句話改寫了1936年《富蘭克林研究所雜志》(Journal of the Franklin Institute)上一篇文章中的一段話:“世界永恒的奧秘在于它的可理解性……它是可以理解的這個事實是一個奇跡。”

    Even “God does not play dice”, arguably Einstein’s most famous quote, isn’t quite his words. It derives from a letter written in German in December 1926 to his friend and sparring partner, theoretical physicist Max Born. It is published in the new volume of Einstein’s papers, in which the editors comment on its “varying translations” since the 1920s. Theirs is: “Quantum mechanics?…?delivers much, but does not really bring us any closer to the secret of the Old One. I, at any rate, am convinced that He does not play dice.” Einstein does not use the word ‘God’ (Gott) here, but ‘the Old One’ (Der Alte). This signifies a “personification of nature”, notes physicist and Nobel laureate Leon Lederman (author of The God Particle, 1993).

    即使是愛因斯坦最著名的名言“上帝不擲骰子”也不是他的原話。這句話源于1926年12月(愛因斯坦)用德語寫給他的朋友兼辯論對手、理論物理學家馬克斯·玻恩(Max Born)的一封信。它發表在愛因斯坦論文的新卷中,編輯們在其中評論了自20世紀20年代以來的“不同翻譯”。他們的觀點是:“量子力學……?提供了很多,但并沒有真正讓我們更接近那位老者的秘密。一、 無論如何,我相信他不會擲骰子。”愛因斯坦在這里沒有使用“上帝”(Gott)這個詞,而是使用“那位老者”(Der Alte)。物理學家、諾貝爾獎得主萊昂·萊德曼(Leon Lederman,《上帝粒子》的作者,1993年)指出,這意味著“自然的擬人化”

    Einstein’s name has also been affixed since his death to quotes from elsewhere. “The definition of insanity is doing the same thing over and over and expecting different results,” for instance, was traced by Einstein archivist Barbara Wolff to US writer Rita Mae Brown’s Sudden Death (1983). “Not everything that can be counted counts, and not everything that counts can be counted,” was penned by sociologist William Bruce Cameron in his Informal Sociology (1963).

    愛因斯坦去世后,他的名字也被貼在其他地方的語錄上。例如,“精神錯亂的定義是,反復做同樣的事情,期待不同的結果。”被愛因斯坦檔案館員芭芭拉·沃爾夫(Barbara Wolff)溯源于美國作家麗塔·梅·布朗(Rita Mae Brown)的《猝死》(1983)。“不是所有可以計算的東西都有價值,也不是所有有價值的東西都可以計算。”撰寫于社會學家威廉·布魯斯·卡梅倫(William Bruce Cameron)的《非正式社會學》(Informal Sociology,1963年)。

    This cosmos of quotes — real, massaged and faked — speaks to Einstein’s status. More than 60 years after his death, his fame remains paramount. I feel there are at least four reasons why we are still fascinated by him.

    這一系列的語錄—真實的、被篡改的和偽造的—說明了愛因斯坦的地位。在他去世60多年后,他的名聲仍然至高無上。我覺得至少有四個原因讓我們仍然對他著迷。

    One is that Einstein’s discoveries are elemental and existential, unifying concepts of space and time, mass and energy and forces. They shifted our picture of reality. And he made more than a stab at explaining them to the non-physicist. Hence his part-joking encapsulation of relativity to the hungry press in 1921, on his first visit to the United States: “It was formerly believed that if all material things disappeared out of the universe, time and space would be left. According to relativity theory, however, time and space disappear together with the things.”

    一是愛因斯坦的發現是重要的、與人類存在有關的,統一了空間和時間、質量、能量和力的概念。它們改變了我們對現實的看法,而且他還試圖向非物理學家解釋這些問題。因此,他在1921年第一次訪問美國時,向如饑似渴的新聞界半開玩笑地講述了相對論:“以前人們認為,如果所有物質都從宇宙中消失了,時間和空間就會留下來。然而,根據相對論,時間和空間會隨著事物一起消失。”

    There is also widespread empathy for Einstein’s resilience in his long struggle for security. His performance at his German school was good, but far from brilliant; he disliked the school for its regimentation and eventually abandoned it. He failed to get an academic position after graduation from university, partly because he mocked his physics teachers. In 1901, although semi-starving, he recognized the value of not conforming. He wrote to his fiancée that “impudence” was his “guardian angel”. It would guide him throughout his life.

    人們也普遍同情愛因斯坦在長期的安全斗爭中的韌性。他在德國學校的表現很好,但遠稱不上出色;他不喜歡學校的條條框框,并最終放棄了它。大學畢業后,他沒能獲得學術職位,部分原因是他嘲笑了自己的物理老師。1901年,盡管他處于半饑餓狀態,但他認識到了不順從的價值。他給未婚妻寫信說,“無禮”是他的“守護天使”。這將指導他一生。

    Einstein was also highly engaged politically and socially, and often in the public eye. He supported the creation of a Jewish home in Palestine, helped to establish the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, and in 1952 was offered Israel’s presidency. Yet he had written in a speech in 1938: “My awareness of the essential nature of Judaism resists the idea of a Jewish state with borders, an army, and a measure of temporal power.” In 1933, he had publicly opposed Nazi Germany, fleeing to the United States by way of Britain, under some risk of assassination. Despite encouraging US president Franklin D. Roosevelt to build an atomic bomb in 1939, he was horrified by its use in 1945 in Japan. He spoke out against racial and ethnic discrimination in the United States. In the 1950s, he trenchantly criticized the hydrogen bomb and Mc Carthyism, and, right up to his death in 1955, he was targeted for deportation as a Soviet agent by FBI director J. Edgar Hoover.

    愛因斯坦還深度參與政治和社會活動,并經常受到公眾的關注。他支持在巴勒斯坦建立猶太人之家,幫助建立耶路撒冷希伯來大學,并于1952年被邀請擔任以色列總統。然而,他在1938年的一次演講中寫道:“以我對猶太教本質的認識,我反對建立一個有國界、有軍隊、有一定世俗權力的猶太國家的想法。”1933年,他曾公開反對納粹德國,冒著被暗殺的風險,經由英國逃往美國。盡管他1939年鼓勵美國總統富蘭克林·D·羅斯福(Franklin D. Roosevelt)制造原子彈,但他對1945年在日本使用原子彈感到震驚。他公開反對美國的種族和民族歧視。20世紀50年代,他尖銳地批評了氫彈和麥卡錫主義,直到1955年去世,他一直是聯邦調查局局長J·埃德加·胡佛(J. Edgar Hoover)作為蘇聯間諜驅逐出境的目標。

    Finally, there is Einstein’s ineffable wit. It is encapsulated by this aphorism, composed for a friend in 1930 (really: I’ve checked with the Einstein Archives in Jerusalem): “To punish me for my contempt of authority, Fate has made me an authority myself.”

    最后,還有愛因斯坦妙不可言的智慧。1930年為一位朋友寫的這句格言概括了這一點(是事實:我在耶路撒冷的愛因斯坦檔案館查詢過了):“為了懲罰我對權威的蔑視,命運讓我自己成為了權威。”

    Nature 557, 30 (2018)

    doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-018-05004-4

    本文2018年4月30日刊發于《自然》(Nature)雜志“書籍與藝術”(Books and Arts)專欄,Did Einstein really say that?(https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-05004-4),風云之聲翻譯。

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